Middle
Ages lecture:See handout.
Crusades:
were a series of several military campaigns that took place during the
11th through 13th centuries. Originally, they were Roman Catholic
endeavors
to re-capture the Holy Lands from the Muslims.There
were 12 major crusades in all, although only the first one really did
much.
*
Crusades did spur trade.
Bubonic
plague: In
1347-48, an outbreak of deadly bubonic plague occurred in
Two
movements, the Renaissance and the Reformation, usher in dramatic
social
and cultural changes in
Section
1:
The
Italian Renaissance is a rebirth of learning that produced many great
works
of art and literature.
Renaissance: an
explosion of creativity in art, writing, and thought
that started in northern
from
1300-1600.
- 4
reasons why it started in
1.)
Unlike other areas of
Middle Ages.
2.)
Italian towns remained important centers of
production of textiles
(cloth) and luxury goods.
3.)
More than other Europeans, Italians were attached to
Classical = ancient
4.)
Through trade Italian towns remained in close
Renaissance
Italy divided itself into very wealthy and powerful city-states.
City-states:
a walled urban center and the surrounding countryside.
Social
class system:
-
upper class: wealthy merchants and bankers.This
was the
most powerful social and political
group.These people
made their fortunes from banking or commercial
trading.
-
middle class: Shopkeepers and artisans.A
moderately prosperous
group that employed large numbers
of
poor town-dwelling
workers.
-
lower class: Town-dwelling workers, and the peasants who
lived in the countryside working on
the vast estates
of the upper class.The peasants
were treated badly,
paid the
majority of the taxes, but had
3
leading cities during the Renaissance:
Florence
Medici
family:
Ruling family of
Cosimo
de Medici:
The first de Medici to rule
-
3 achievements:
1.)
He worked to end peasant uprisings by introducing
burden on the
2.)
Used tax money (revenue) to make city
3.)
Worked to establish peaceful relations between
*
graduated income tax: An income tax that
person
*
regressive tax: A tax that takes a larger
people
than of high-income people.(Everyone
Lorenzo
de Medici:
grandson of Cosimo who ruled
grandfather.Made the city
very prosperous.
-
dates: 1469-1492
-
use of wealth:He used his
wealth to support artists, philosophers
and writers and to sponsor public
festivals.
-nickname: "Lorenzo the
Magnificent"
Classical
and Worldly Values
- Artists,
scholars study ruins of
- Scholars
move to
- Humanism: intellectual
movement focused on
- Humanists
studied classical texts, history, literature,
-
3 basic Humanist ideas:
1.)
Seek fulfillment in daily life
2.)
Each individual has dignity and worth
3.)
the "universal man": an ideal person - one
politics,
sports, art, literature and music. A
-
4 subjects studied in humanist schools:
history, philosophy,
Latin and Greek
-
teachers
in humanist schools: Humanists became so popular
they began to replace the clergy as
the teachers
in the schools.
-
writing: Humanism inspired a new form of writing.One
in which a person wrote about his/her
daily life
and feelings.
Humanist
scholars:
These guys liked to question.They
were curious and becoming educated, hence they
wanted to learn as much
as they can.
-
questioning: They questioned everything including long-accepted
traditions, assumptions, and
institutions. Through
their persistent questioning, they made all sorts
of unsettling
discoveries.Many of
these challenged
the Church�. The Church did not like to
be questioned.In
fact, they did not allow it.
-
Lorenzo Valla: A humanist scholar who determined that
a supposedly
provided the legal basis for
the pope's supremacy
over kings was actually a
forgery.
- Renaissance
society was more secular: worldly
- Wealthy
enjoyed fine food, homes, clothes.They
began to
improvement and other
- Patron:
a financial supporter of artists
*
The Medici family was patron to numerous artists
*
Church leaders spend money on artworks to beautify cities
*
Wealthy merchants also patrons of the arts
The
Renaissance Man:
- is a someone who excels in many fields: the classics, art, politics,
and combat.
Baldassare
Castiglione:
Wrote The Courtier (1528).The
book teaches how to become a "universal" person. It said that a young
man
should be charming, witty, and well educated in the classics. He should
dance, sing, play music, and write poetry. In addition, he should be a
skilled rider, wrestler, and swordsman.
The
Renaissance Woman
was upper-class, educated in classics, and charming. She
was expected to inspire art but not create it.
Isabella
d'Este:
patron of artists, wields power in
Artistic
Styles Change:Art
became the method for humanists to express the talent of the
individuals.Artists
were hailed as geniuses and richly rewarded for their efforts.
7
characteristics of Renaissance art:
1.)
Italian artists expressed their own values, emotions,
2.)
By using new techniques, artists made their subjects
3.)
Although much of the art was still devoted to
overtones.
4.)
Because of the humanist interest in ancient
classical
5.)
They learned to create a sense of perspective in their
-
perspective:
depth and three dimensionality.
6.)
They studied human anatomy so they could portray
7.)
They also learned to depict subtleties of gesture and
-
Realistic portraits of prominent citizens
-
Sculpture shows natural postures and expressions
-
The biblical David is a favorite subject among sculptors
Renaissance
Sculptors:
The best came from
-
Donatello: first sculptor since
ancient times to cast a statue in bronze.
- Lorenzo Ghiberti
(gee-BEHR-tee): Spent 21
years creating 10
on bronze doors
-
Masaccio ( muh-ZAH-chee-oh):
Florentine artist who employed
paintings to
give depth
from the
-
Michelangelo Buonarroti: Brilliant
sculptor, (who eventually moves
to
the pope) learned how to
sculpt in
was a
sculptor in his soul.He
could paint beautifully,
as previously mentioned, but he didn't
like it as much
as sculpting. Of his sculpture he
said, "God sets them in there,
a sculptor
only
cuts it loose."
*
DAVID: a
gigantic sculpture of the biblical king. It
^
height: 25 feet tall
*
LA
PIETA: his sculpture of the dead Jesus lying in
first
to carve this � it was originally done
very
moving.You can see the grief on
*
style
of sculptures: His sculptures were awesome in
emotions.
Renaissance
Painting
Michelangelo:Not
only a sculptor, but a painter too.
*
Pope
Julius II: In 1505, he hired Michelangelo
pope no�?) to paint the ceiling of the Sistine
the Bible.
^
^
Sistine
Chapel: A small chapel in the
*
style
of painting: His painted figures resembled his sculptures.
They had well-formed
Leonardo
da Vinci:
Florentine artist who many consider to be one of the greatest
Renaissance artists and
more). He
did a lot of work in
the Renaissance ideal
of the "universal man".
*
MONA
LISA: painting of a strangely smiling young
*
THE
LAST SUPPER: The famous wall painting of
(Rumor
has it that he even painted his
***Tie
in 2003 book � The Da Vinci Code by Dan
*
fresco:
a technique of painting on wet plaster,
didn't
use this standard for the Last Supper that
he painted on dry plaster with tempera
paint
(that's why it started to deteriorate
*
style:
Skillfully portrayed the subjects� personalities,
*
as
a scientist: his most impressive work!
^
3
subjects of books: astronomy, mathematics
*
inventions:
parachutes, flying machine (helicopter), mechanical
diggers, artillery (cannon),
and
plans for a submarine.
*
as
a "universal man": He could do
it all.(If he's not
Raphael
Sanzio:
filled the walls of Pope Julius II�s library with paintings.One
of these,
Women
Artists
Sofonisba
Anguissola:
was the first woman artist to gain an international reputation.
She is known for her portraits of her sisters and of prominent
people such as King Philip II of
Artemisia
Gentileschi:accomplished
artist who trained with her painter father
and helped with his work. In her own paintings, she painted pictures
of strong, heroic women.
-
During the Renaissance there were dramatic changes in
- Renaissance
architecture, like Renaissance sculpture, was largely
- For
the Renaissance, proportion was the most important
Medieval
(Gothic) architecture:
made soaring arches and spires toward heaven.Every
thing was for the greater glory of God. (Bigger
was better because it was closer
to God) Architects did not take credit for their
work.
Renaissance
(Romanesque) architecture: Returned
to the classical style - lots
of domes and columns, instead of spires and arches.They
sought comfort in their building, so they wanted them beautiful.They
wanted the finest, the best in all buildings.Architects
also now began to take credit for their work.
French
Renaissance architecture:
blended Gothic towers and windows with
the classical columns.
-
chateaux:
A French castle based on the new type of architecture.
Renaissance
Architects
Donato
Bramante:
Italian painter and architect who evolved the style known
as High Renaissance. In Rome,
he served as principal planner of
Pope Julius II's comprehensive project for rebuilding the St. Peter's
Basilica (begun in 1506).
Filippo
Brunelleschi (BROO-nuhl-EHS- kee):
the most famous Renaissance architect,
who is best known for designing and completing the dome
for the Cathedral of Florence in 1436.No
one before had been able to
design a dome large or strong enough to cover the cathedral
without the dome collapsing from its own weight.
***
Brunelleschi's dome was considered to be the greatest engineering
feat of all time.
(It still
makes
most top ten
lists)
Printing
Spreads Renaissance Ideas
- Around
1045 Bi Sheng of
- It
uses a separate piece of type for each character
Johannes
Gutenberg:
A German metalworker
-
1440: Discovered a new way to print.
-
invention: A printing press with
movable metal type.
-
result: Books could now be published
more quickly and less expensively
= more books that are
accessible
to
-
Gutenberg Bible:The first
book printed and mass
-
Writers use the vernacular�their native language
-
Self-expression or to portray individuality of the subject
-
2 results of using the vernacular:
1.)
Writing in the vernacular languages made it
2.)
Writing in the vernacular languages inspired
Renaissance
Writers
Francesco
Petrarch:
humanist and poet
wrote 366 sonnets, or short poems, expressing his love for
a woman named Laura who had died during the Black Death.
-
sonnets: short poems.
Benvenuto
Cellini: An
Italian goldsmith and sculptor who wrote one of the first
modern autobiographies. He encouraged
anyone who had done anything
of excellence "to describe their life with their own hand."
Giovanni
Boccaccio:
was an Italian author, poet and an important Renaissance
humanist in his own right.He was
the author of a number of notable
works including On Famous Women, the Decameron
and his poems in the vernacular.
Boccaccio's
characters are notable in that they are realistic, spirited
and clever individuals who are
grounded in reality (in contradiction
to the characters of his contemporaries.
-
Decameron: a series of realistic,
sometimes off-color
group
of worldly young people waiting in a
Niccolò
Machievelli: A
Florentine diplomat who wrote The
Prince, in which
he analyzed the politics of Renaissance Italy. The
Prince examines
how rulers can gain and keep power .
-
treatise: a long essay
-
Ideas of Machavelli�s THE PRINCE-
the "handbook" for political
leaders of the time.
-
reaction to: It was embraced by the power-hungry
-
The Prince is one of the most influential writings of
Points
on The Prince
1) A
prince must have the qualities of
virtu - strength, ability,
courage and vitality - not moral goodness, and fortune �
fate or luck.A prince must always
remember that there is a side of life that we have little to no control
over.
2) He
advised rulers to be prepared to use force and deceit to maintain
power�
even if it means breaking the morals of society.
3)"The
end justifies the means": Do
whatever it takes to accomplish goals and stay in power.
4) The
strength of a state is measured whether it can survive on its own in
times
of trouble or if
it will have to rely on others.
5) There
is greater security in being feared than loved, but a prince must be
careful
not to be
hated.
6) Men,
although possessing remarkable qualities and capable of doing admirable
things,
generally are insincere, ungrateful, prone to avoid
danger and
thirsty for gain (greedy).
7) In
order to stay in power, a ruler must have a good military, and popular
support.People will not fight to
keep what they do not believe in.
8) Nothing
is more difficult than establishing a government.
9) Those
who rise due to good fortune depend entirely on the will and fortune of
those who installed them. They rise quickly to the top, but have
neither
the knowledge nor the power to remain there.
10)
Ecclesiastical (church owned) principalities are the easiest
11.)
A native military is the most loyal.(Auxiliary
forces are
one who borrows them
12.)
A prince's main objective and profession must be warfare.
13.)
To promote goodwill among the people, a good prince
promising
of days and events that they hold
creative.
14.)
A tightfisted ruler wins more popularity because he doesn't
also has money to spend
15.)
The selection of ministers and advisors is on of the most
perform, for he will be
16.)
Ministers/advisors must be "used" by the prince; they should
not use the prince. A prince
should
take their
about policy decisions.
17.)
When a country is at its worst is a perfect time for a new
prince must always
be
18.)
Fortune changes while human beings remain constant.
Female
Writers
Vittoria
Christine
de Pizan:Italian-born
French poet and scholar, a medieval feminist
and probably the first professional woman writer since ancient
times. She was one of the first women writers.She promoted
education, and equal treatment for boys and girls.
Julian
of
Section
2: The Northern Renaissance
In
the 1400s, the ideas of the Italian Renaissance begin to spread to